Model: TRIZ - (Contributions by Charmaine Mayers)

     In 1974 A School of TRIZ was established in Leningrad (currently St. Petersburg) by V. Mitrofanov, which was probably the most influential training and developing TRIZ center in the former USSR.
     A major step in the evolution of TRIZ: publication of ARIZ-85C [9, 15]. Even today, it is the only officially recognized version of ARIZ. The algorithm included 32 steps, and introduced a number of new rules and recommendations, as well as put a special focus on using time, space, and substance-field resources to obtain most ideal solutions. References to Inventive Standards were introduced in several parts of ARIZ-85C.
     In 1989 the first TRIZ software “Invention Machine™” was released by Invention Machine Labs (later evolved to “TechOptimizer™” and “Goldfire Innovator™” by Invention Machine Corp. – now owned by HIS [51]), which included Function Analysis, 40 Inventive Principles, Matrix of Resolving Technical Contradictions, 76 inventive Standards, Databases of Physical, Chemical, and Geometric Effects, and Feature Transfer (Alternative Systems Merging).
     Several global companies including Ford Motors, Procter & Gamble, and Mitsubishi have used TRIZ to develop better products more quickly (Rantanen & Domb, 2008).
 
IMPLEMENTATION
      TRIZ possesses considerable advantage over other methods applied to problem solving and innovation. Methods such as brainstorming, mind mapping, lateral thinking, morphological analysis, etc., have the ability to identify or uncover a problem and its root cause, but lack the capability to actually point out solutions to the problem. On the other hand, TRIZ helps to identify problems and offers direct solutions to them, along with confidence that most (if not all) possible new solutions to the problem have been considered (Gadd, 2011).
Model Components
       The components of TRIZ are contradictions, ideality and patterns of functionality.
Contradictions are indicative of inventive problems arising from the apparent incompatibility of desired features within a system. Resolving the contradictions solves the problems. There are two major types of contradictions: technical contradictions and physical contradictions.
 
      Ideality derives from ‘‘the ideal machine’’, an arbitrary system which has all its parts performing at the greatest possible capacity, introduced by Altshuller (1999). Ideality is a measure of how close a system is to the best it can possibly be i.e. the ideal machine (or the ideal final result (IFR)).
 
      The benefits are the useful functions provided by the system and harms are its unwanted outputs, waste products (also regarded as harmful functions) of the system.
• What are the applications of the model (and with who, how easy it is to use)?
Being a systematic tool, TRIZ can be used as a useful method in new product development process to generate alternatives.
      TRIZ includes analytical tools that are necessary for problem solving and also it is knowledge-based tools that are necessary for system transformation and their theoretical foundations. Using all the information about the problems of the products, the analytical tools of TRIZ can be used for transforming, modelling and analyzing problems.
TRIZ uses algorithmic approaches for improving legacy systems or designing new systems. Therefore, it includes to evaluate the available data rather than estimation. The main goal of TRIZ method is to find the ideal solution or perfection. TRIZ methodology depends on four basic paradigms; 1. Contradictions 2. Perfection 3. Functionality 4. Using resources
Creative thinking -was developed and founded on its principles to reach non-classical solutions by Russian scientist Genrich Altshuller who didn’t accept the concept of randomness. According to creative thinking of Altshuller; 1. Creative solutions eliminate contradictions. 2. Creative solutions is based on limited number of methods to eliminate contradictions. 3. It is possible to achieve effective tactics for finding a meaning between different types of contradictions and overcoming them
 
Model Strengths 
     TRIZ provides a structured approach to problem solving, which prevents erratic brainstorming and search for solutions.
TRIZ helps identify and clarify problems and provide good solution hints.
     TRIZ provides useful and usually novel solutions. Apart from the quality of ideas, TRIZ helps to generate more innovative ideas than would have been generated otherwise. – Innovation and new solutions.
     TRIZ provided breakthrough innovation and solutions and new concepts for development. – Speed: the resolution of problems and arriving at innovative solutions was achieved in shorter times, because it became possible to identify the problems and focus on them quickly
Model Limitations 
      TRIZ methodology is too rigid and difficult to adapt for application in a variety of situations
TRIZ appears to require deep understanding and requires some preliminary practical experience before producing effective results.
 
      Absence of a standardized best-practice guide for the methodology.
 
      TRIZ may not be readily accepted and absorbed by an organization.
 
Additional Information

     THE TRIZ JOURNALThe TRIZ Journal was founded in 1996 by Ellen Domb and James Kowalick and contains a wealth of articles on TRIZ and its application in industry.
After a small hiatus where it was only available for viewing, it’s now live online again with a new management team generating new content. The extensive archive is a treasure trove for people interested in learning more about TRIZ: there are more than a thousand articles on TRIZ written by practitioners and TRIZ experts, case studies and examples of the 40 Principles in different industries. There is also an archive of the journals’ blog posts and discussion boards.
      OXFORD CREATIVITY RESOURCES Regular short webinars are available, including an introductory “Welcome to TRIZ” as well as more in-depth TRIZ topics. There are also a number of case studies on the application of TRIZ in industry and some introductory information about TRIZ. In the resource section you can find an interactive online Contradiction Matrix, plus some materials available for download: a printable Contradiction Matrix, the 40 Inventive Principles with examples, a number of TRIZ worksheets for putting the tools into practice, plus a cartoon gallery with a number of cartoons by Clive Goddard which can be freely used.
      OXFORD CREATIVITY EFFECTS DATABASEOxford Creativity has a free Effects Database, created, maintained, and continually developed by Andrew Martin. You have the option of searching by function you want, parameter you want to change or energy transformation you require. The results can also by split by broad effect, specific application or you can select both. There is a short description of each effect and a link to the relevant Wikipedia page.
PRODUCTION INSPIRATIONProduction Inspiration is a free Effects Database: less comprehensive results but with pictures. If you go to the top left of the page, there is also the option to navigate to Patent
       Inspiration (a tool for searching patents); More Inspiration (a catalogue of novel inventions) and Test My Creativity (a creativity test).
TRIZ.CO.KRAnother free version of the Effects Database plus information on other TRIZ tools in English and Korean –TRIZ.co.kr includes the 40 Inventive Principles, plus the full Standard Solutions (in the original Classical TRIZ 5 classes) and Trends of Classical TRIZ. Make sure you select “TRIZ” from the bar on the first page. The site is not very easy to navigate around but does provide the Classical TRIZ tools and the steps of ARIZ (the Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving).
ASKNATUREBiomimicry is the reapplication of nature’s solutions to solve problems, usually in technical applications such as engineering and design. AskNature is a wonderful resource for finding out how nature has solved problems; sort of an alternative to the Effects Database. It is searchable by function, so if you have already defined the functions that you want, as well as looking up how humans have worked out how to solve the problem, you can ask nature as well! In addition to the database, there are some case studies, information on current design challenges and upcoming biomimicry events (mostly in the US).
     TRIZ future conference aims globally to spread TRIZ knowledge, tools and methods worldwide. It brings together industrialist and academics to share experiences, works and progress on the subject of how to use and develop TRIZ.  It will be held October 9-11, 2019 in Marrakesh,
Morocco.
 
Books
Altshuller G.S., Shapiro R.V. ABOUT A TECHNOLOGY OF CREATIVITY. Questions of Psychology, #6, 37-49 1956 (First publication)
This was the first publication about TRIZ. The article presents the foundations behind the TRIZ approach drawn from the regularities of technology evolution.

Altshuller G.S. HOW TO LEARN TO INVENT. Tambov: Tambovskoe knijnoe izdatelstvo, 1961
This was the first comprehensive book (128 pages) about a methodology of inventive problem solving.

 

Altshuller G.S. THE FONDATION OF INVENTION, Voroneg: Centralno-Chernozemnoe izdatelstvo, 1964

This popular book about the Theory of inventive problem solving includes definition and examples 
of an ideal machine, deep analysis of the evolution of technical systems, algorithm of inventive problem solving

 
Altshuller G.S. ALGORITHM OF INVENTION. Moscow: Moscowskiy Rabochy (1st ed.-969; 2nd ed.1973)
This book presents in detail the basic theoretical concepts of TRIZ through a large number of 

examples and case studies. Book includes the review of technical system evolution and analysis of 

modern stage through patent resources.

 
Altshuller G.S. CREATIVITY AS AN EXACT SCIENCE. Moscow: Sovietskoe radio, 1979
.

Pavel Livotov, Vladimir Petrov: Innovationstechnologie TRIZ. Produktentwicklung und 

Problemlosung. Handbuch. TriSolver Consulting 2002, Hannover, 302 Seiten, ISBN 3-935927-

02-9
 
Rolf Herb, Thilo Herb, Veit Kohnhauser: TRIZ - Der systematische Weg zur Innovation. 
Werkzeuge, Praxisbeispiele, Schritt-fur-Schritt-Anleitungen. Landsberg/Lech: Verlag Moderne 

Industrie, 2000, 260 Seiten, ISBN 3-47891-980-0

References:
Ainsworth-Land, G. T., Land, G. T. L. (1973). Grow Or Die: The Unifying Principle of Transformation. United States: Random House.
Jarman, B., Ainsworth-Land, G. T. (1998). Breakpoint and Beyond: Mastering the Future - Today. United States: Leadership Two Thousand, Incorporated.
Rantanen, K., Domb, E., 2008. Simplified TRIZ—new problem solving applications for engineers and manufacturing professionals. Auerbach Publications, New York
 
Kosse, V. (1999). Some limitations of TRIZ tools and possible ways of improvement. 103. 111-115.
 
TRIZ Journal, www.TRIZ-journal.com